Differences in preoperative frailty assessment of surgical candidates by sex, age, and race oleh Edouard H. Nicaise, MD, Gregory Palmateer, BA, Benjamin N. Schmeusser, MD, MS, Cameron Futral, BS, Yuan Liu, PhD, Subir Goyal, PhD, Reza Nabavizadeh, MD, David A. Kooby, MD, FACS, Shishir K. Maithel, MD, FACS, John F. Sweeney, MD, Juan M. Sarmiento, MD, FACS, Kenneth Ogan, MD, Viraj A. Master, MD, PhD, FACS